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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Isospin</span></h1>
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<p>Der <b>Isospin</b> ist in der Theorie der <a href="Elementarteilchen" title="Elementarteilchen">Elementarteilchen</a> eine <a href="Flavour" title="Flavour">Flavour</a>-<a href="Quantenzahl" title="Quantenzahl">Quantenzahl</a>, die eine innere <a href="Symmetrie_(Physik)" title="Symmetrie (Physik)">Symmetrie</a> unter der <a href="Starke_Wechselwirkung" title="Starke Wechselwirkung">starken Wechselwirkung</a> beschreibt und zur Klassifizierung der <a href="Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadronen</a> genutzt wird. Die Bezeichnung (<i>iso-</i>: „quantitativ gleich“, von altgriechisch ἴσος) verweist darauf, dass das System wie ein Spin-½-Teilchen erscheint, obwohl es sich nicht um einen <a href="Spin" title="Spin">Spin</a> handelt.
</p><p>Allgemeiner wird das Konzept (so auch in der <a href="Festk%C3%B6rperphysik" title="Festkörperphysik">Festkörperphysik</a>) verwendet, um <a href="Zweizustandssystem" title="Zweizustandssystem">Zweizustandssysteme</a> zu beschreiben. Die beiden <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">quantenmechanischen</a> <a href="Zustand_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Zustand (Quantenmechanik)">Zustände</a> werden als gegensätzliche Orientierungen des Isospins aufgefasst (±<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f8f43aaaf2e7ed525e6d3b690f2f7d31cca1478.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.025ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>). Befindet sich das System in einer Überlagerung der beiden Zustände, so wird das durch die beiden anderen Komponenten (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{x},I_{y}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{x},I_{y}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4a66b6e7c68a896eb5139f2caea8278afdde194.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.302ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{x},I_{y}}" loading="lazy"></span>) beschrieben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entdeckung">Entdeckung</h2></div>
<p>Bei <a href="Streuprozess" class="mw-redirect" title="Streuprozess">Streuprozessen</a> an <a href="Spiegelkern" title="Spiegelkern">Spiegelkernen</a> wurde festgestellt, dass die starke Wechselwirkung nicht zwischen den neutralen <a href="Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutronen</a> und positiv geladenen <a href="Proton" title="Proton">Protonen</a> unterscheidet, d. h., dass sie ladungsunabhängig wirkt. Bezüglich der Kernkraft sind Neutron und Proton also identisch, und ihr geringfügiger Massenunterschied hängt mit der <a href="Elektrische_Ladung" title="Elektrische Ladung">elektrischen Ladung</a> zusammen. Daraus folgerte <a href="Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> 1932,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dass Proton und Neutron zwei verschiedene Ladungszustände ein und desselben Teilchens, des <a href="Nukleon" title="Nukleon">Nukleons</a>, sind.
</p><p>Zur weiteren Beschreibung „entlieh“ er den quantenmechanischen Spinformalismus vom entsprechenden Verhalten der <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektronen</a>. Auch bei ihnen gibt es zwei Zustände (<i>Spin-up</i> und <i>Spin-down</i>), die durch eine bestimmte Kraft – hier die rein elektrische Kraft – nicht unterscheidbar sind.
</p><p>Der Name <i>Isospin</i> wurde 1937 von <a href="Eugene_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> geprägt und stand zunächst für <i>isotoper Spin</i>. Da dies jedoch als Hinweis auf eine Änderung der <a href="Neutronenzahl" title="Neutronenzahl">Neutronenzahl</a> missdeutet werden kann (vgl. <a href="Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a>), wird heute der Ausdruck <i>isobarer Spin</i> verwendet.
<a href="Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> kombinierte die Eigenschaften Isospin und <a href="Strangeness" title="Strangeness">Strangeness</a> im <a href="Eightfold_Way" title="Eightfold Way">Eightfold Way</a>, einem direkten Vorläufer des Quarkmodells und der <a href="Quantenchromodynamik" title="Quantenchromodynamik">Quantenchromodynamik</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formalismus">Formalismus</h2></div>
<table class="wikitable float-right" style="text-align:center">
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th colspan="2">up
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Quark / Antiquark
</td>
<td style="width: 4em"><b>u</b>
</td>
<td style="width: 4em"><b><span style="text-decoration:overline">u</span></b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Isospin <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f8f43aaaf2e7ed525e6d3b690f2f7d31cca1478.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.025ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>+½
</td>
<td>−½
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>
</th>
<th colspan="2">down
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Quark / Antiquark
</td>
<td><b>d</b>
</td>
<td><b><span style="text-decoration:overline">d</span></b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Isospin <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f8f43aaaf2e7ed525e6d3b690f2f7d31cca1478.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.025ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>−½
</td>
<td>+½
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Wie der normale Spin der fundamentalen <a href="Fermionen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermionen">Fermionen</a> (wie beispielsweise des Elektrons) hat die Quantenzahl des Isospins immer den Wert <span class="bruch template-frac" style="line-height:0"><sup style="font-size: 70%; vertical-align: 0.4em;">1</sup>⁄<sub style="font-size: 70%; vertical-align: 0em;">2</sub></span>.
</p><p>Die <a href="Kanonisch" class="mw-disambig" title="Kanonisch">kanonisch</a> verwendete dritte Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f8f43aaaf2e7ed525e6d3b690f2f7d31cca1478.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.025ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> (oft auch mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/becba5d3350c4dd244f3cda48eb13439f21ed350.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet) des Isospins repräsentiert seine Einstellung und weist die zwei möglichen Werte +<span class="bruch template-frac" style="line-height:0"><sup style="font-size: 70%; vertical-align: 0.4em;">1</sup>⁄<sub style="font-size: 70%; vertical-align: 0em;">2</sub></span> und −<span class="bruch template-frac" style="line-height:0"><sup style="font-size: 70%; vertical-align: 0.4em;">1</sup>⁄<sub style="font-size: 70%; vertical-align: 0em;">2</sub></span> auf. Diese stehen im Quarkmodell für die beiden <a href="Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik)">Quarks</a>
</p>
<ul><li><b>u</b> (<i>up</i>, engl.: oben): <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{z}=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{z}=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c20950f121d8023836ad7b46842b50bd1cfb05ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.589ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{z}=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und</li>
<li><b>d</b> (<i>down</i>, engl.: unten): <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{z}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{z}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02addceacd067123b381235527f29879f3a713da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.589ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{z}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Die Quarks <b>s</b>, <b>c</b>, <b>b</b> und <b>t</b> tragen keinen Isospin. Für <a href="Antiteilchen" title="Antiteilchen">Anti</a>quarks ändert sich das Vorzeichen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f8f43aaaf2e7ed525e6d3b690f2f7d31cca1478.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.025ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Damit ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f8f43aaaf2e7ed525e6d3b690f2f7d31cca1478.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.025ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> wie folgt durch die Anzahl der <b>u</b>- und <b>d</b>-Quarks sowie der zugehörigen Antiquarks gegeben:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{z}={\frac {1}{2}}{\Big (}(n_{u}-n_{\bar {u}})-(n_{d}-n_{\bar {d}}){\Big )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{z}={\frac {1}{2}}{\Big (}(n_{u}-n_{\bar {u}})-(n_{d}-n_{\bar {d}}){\Big )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8de565e9cd4bcd36853f10c903f2ba4246701e3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:32.523ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{z}={\frac {1}{2}}{\Big (}(n_{u}-n_{\bar {u}})-(n_{d}-n_{\bar {d}}){\Big )}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Daraus ergibt sich für das Duplett von Proton und Neutron:
</p>
<ul><li>Proton <b>p</b> = <b>uud</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow I_{z}=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow I_{z}=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df1de87feb589c3a1775364111ce9dc431e7e7ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:11.558ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow I_{z}=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Neutron <b>n</b> = <b>udd</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow I_{z}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow I_{z}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98ec3ba7ecd63fd6fb498afe44f38c08aca1c72c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:11.558ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow I_{z}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>In älterer Literatur zur <a href="Kernphysik" title="Kernphysik">Kernphysik</a> wird manchmal die Konvention mit entgegengesetztem Vorzeichen verwendet, was aber keinen physikalischen Unterschied ausmacht, solange sie einheitlich verwendet wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperladung">Hyperladung</h3></div>
<table class="wikitable float-right" style="text-align:center">
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th>Teilchen
</th>
<th>Bestandteile
</th>
<th>el. Ladung<br><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th>Isospin<br><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f8f43aaaf2e7ed525e6d3b690f2f7d31cca1478.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.025ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th>Hyperldg.<br><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">Quarks
</td>
<td>Up
</td>
<td>u
</td>
<td>+⅔
</td>
<td>+½
</td>
<td>+⅓
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Up
</td>
<td><span style="text-decoration:overline">u</span>
</td>
<td>−⅔
</td>
<td>−½
</td>
<td>−⅓
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Down
</td>
<td>d
</td>
<td>−⅓
</td>
<td>−½
</td>
<td>+⅓
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Down
</td>
<td><span style="text-decoration:overline">d</span>
</td>
<td>+⅓
</td>
<td>+½
</td>
<td>−⅓
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">Hadronen
</td>
<td>Proton
</td>
<td>uud
</td>
<td>+1
</td>
<td>+½
</td>
<td>+1
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Neutron
</td>
<td>udd
</td>
<td>0
</td>
<td>−½
</td>
<td>+1
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Aufgrund ihres Isospins und ihrer elektrischen Ladung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich vielen Teilchen mit Hilfe der <a href="Gell-Mann-Nishijima-Formel" title="Gell-Mann-Nishijima-Formel">Gell-Mann-Nishijima-Formel</a> eine <a href="Hyperladung" title="Hyperladung">Hyperladung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> zuordnen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=2(Q-I_{z}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=2(Q-I_{z}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba7154bdcbdc02b30a098d4de67f9bf908c44e69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.194ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=2(Q-I_{z}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Hyperladung ist
</p>
<ul><li>für Up- und Down-Quark jeweils: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=+{\tfrac {1}{3}}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=+{\tfrac {1}{3}}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e49af60c84ea703a67563ab4e6804c9edf4e803c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:8.725ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=+{\tfrac {1}{3}}\,}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>für Anti-Up- und Anti-Down-Quark jeweils: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=-{\tfrac {1}{3}}\!\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=-{\tfrac {1}{3}}\!\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59be74b0c9ab993b4e92fbe0c904658b85d3a79c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:8.338ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=-{\tfrac {1}{3}}\!\,}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>für die <a href="Nukleon" title="Nukleon">Nukleonen</a> (<a href="Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a> p, <a href="Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a> n) jeweils: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=+1\!\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=+1\!\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12cec8209eb14fcf4a2a1a154e2c2e19d04346b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.842ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=+1\!\,}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantenfeldtheorie">Quantenfeldtheorie</h3></div>
<p>Im Rahmen der <a href="Quantenfeldtheorie" title="Quantenfeldtheorie">Quantenfeldtheorie</a> wird dem Isospin der zweidimensionale komplexe <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f43d6ec8a1e1fe5a85aec0dd9bdcd45ae09b06b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> zugeordnet, in dem sich die Quarks <b>u</b> und <b>d</b> als <a href="Basisvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Basisvektor">Basisvektoren</a> darstellen lassen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {u} =\left({\begin{matrix}1\\0\end{matrix}}\right),\quad \mathbf {d} =\left({\begin{matrix}0\\1\end{matrix}}\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {u} =\left({\begin{matrix}1\\0\end{matrix}}\right),\quad \mathbf {d} =\left({\begin{matrix}0\\1\end{matrix}}\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc509d1e669c8fe10420b2edfefcdaa2834924a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.615ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {u} =\left({\begin{matrix}1\\0\end{matrix}}\right),\quad \mathbf {d} =\left({\begin{matrix}0\\1\end{matrix}}\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dadurch ist es möglich, die Umwandlung von Nukleonen zu beschreiben, wie sie im <a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität">radioaktiven Zerfall</a> stattfindet: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {n} \to \mathbf {p} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {n} \to \mathbf {p} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06f7267450b1a38188e24566970dd86cf1684c09.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.125ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {n} \to \mathbf {p} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dies ist eine Transformation der <a href="Spezielle_unit%C3%A4re_Gruppe#Bedeutung_in_der_Physik" title="Spezielle unitäre Gruppe">SU(2)</a>-Symmetrie, die in der Theorie der schwachen Wechselwirkung beschrieben wird.
</p><p>Mathematisch werden diese Transformationen durch <a href="Erzeugungs-_und_Vernichtungsoperator" title="Erzeugungs- und Vernichtungsoperator">Leiteroperatoren</a> vermittelt, die den <a href="Eichboson" title="Eichboson">Eichbosonen</a> der Feldtheorie zugeordnet werden. So wird beispielsweise der Übergang <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {d} \rightarrow \mathbf {u} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {d} \rightarrow \mathbf {u} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78d923e87df0d4f8a72de662a292e6a788fac0ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.585ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {d} \rightarrow \mathbf {u} }" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben durch die <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a>gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\begin{matrix}0&1\\0&0\end{matrix}}\right)\cdot \left({\begin{matrix}0\\1\end{matrix}}\right)=\left({\begin{matrix}1\\0\end{matrix}}\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\begin{matrix}0&1\\0&0\end{matrix}}\right)\cdot \left({\begin{matrix}0\\1\end{matrix}}\right)=\left({\begin{matrix}1\\0\end{matrix}}\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d881c26ae398f7d11318f5dbdb2c4c84099f4dd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:25.302ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\begin{matrix}0&1\\0&0\end{matrix}}\right)\cdot \left({\begin{matrix}0\\1\end{matrix}}\right)=\left({\begin{matrix}1\\0\end{matrix}}\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auswirkungen">Auswirkungen</h2></div>
<p>Der Isospin ist in der <a href="Starke_Wechselwirkung" title="Starke Wechselwirkung">starken Wechselwirkung</a> eine Erhaltungsgröße. Dies führt dazu, dass manche Prozesse unterdrückt sind oder nur über die elektromagnetische oder <a href="Schwache_Wechselwirkung" title="Schwache Wechselwirkung">schwache Wechselwirkung</a> stattfinden können. Als Beispiel sei hier die Reaktion zweier Nukleonen mit Bildung eines <a href="Deuteron" title="Deuteron">Deuterons</a> und eines <a href="Pion" title="Pion">Pions</a> genannt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {p+p} &\rightarrow \mathrm {d+\pi ^{+}} \\\mathrm {p+n} &\rightarrow \mathrm {d+\pi ^{0}} \end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
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<mi></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {p+p} &\rightarrow \mathrm {d+\pi ^{+}} \\\mathrm {p+n} &\rightarrow \mathrm {d+\pi ^{0}} \end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8b241af854fc714ffd6b9b32dfde35826b8cb7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:16.769ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {p+p} &\rightarrow \mathrm {d+\pi ^{+}} \\\mathrm {p+n} &\rightarrow \mathrm {d+\pi ^{0}} \end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Isospins der beteiligten Teilchen sind, dargestellt in der <a href="Dirac-Notation" title="Dirac-Notation">Dirac-Notation</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|I,I_{z}\right\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
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<mi>I</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|I,I_{z}\right\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b15b70227e100cabb4d75f589493b684536f14c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.782ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|I,I_{z}\right\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left|\mathrm {p} \right\rangle &=\left|{\tfrac {1}{2}},+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right\rangle \quad \quad &\left|\pi ^{+}\right\rangle &=\left|1,+1\right\rangle \\\left|\mathrm {n} \right\rangle &=\left|{\tfrac {1}{2}},-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right\rangle &\left|\pi ^{0}\right\rangle &=\left|1,0\right\rangle \\\left|\mathrm {d} \right\rangle &=\left|0,0\right\rangle \,.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
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<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
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<mtd>
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<mo>|</mo>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
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</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
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</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
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<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left|\mathrm {p} \right\rangle &=\left|{\tfrac {1}{2}},+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right\rangle \quad \quad &\left|\pi ^{+}\right\rangle &=\left|1,+1\right\rangle \\\left|\mathrm {n} \right\rangle &=\left|{\tfrac {1}{2}},-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right\rangle &\left|\pi ^{0}\right\rangle &=\left|1,0\right\rangle \\\left|\mathrm {d} \right\rangle &=\left|0,0\right\rangle \,.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fcec87bb5959dde3e5d8af991a22c13fe33d4d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:38.293ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left|\mathrm {p} \right\rangle &=\left|{\tfrac {1}{2}},+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right\rangle \quad \quad &\left|\pi ^{+}\right\rangle &=\left|1,+1\right\rangle \\\left|\mathrm {n} \right\rangle &=\left|{\tfrac {1}{2}},-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right\rangle &\left|\pi ^{0}\right\rangle &=\left|1,0\right\rangle \\\left|\mathrm {d} \right\rangle &=\left|0,0\right\rangle \,.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nach den Rechenregeln der <a href="Drehimpuls_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Drehimpuls (Quantenmechanik)">Drehimpulsaddition in der Quantenmechanik</a> gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left|\mathrm {p\,p} \right\rangle &=\left|1,+1\right\rangle &\left|\mathrm {d} \,\pi ^{+}\right\rangle &=\left|1,+1\right\rangle \\\left|\mathrm {p\,n} \right\rangle &={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(\left|1,0\right\rangle -\left|0,0\right\rangle \right)&\left|\mathrm {d} \,\pi ^{0}\right\rangle &=\left|1,0\right\rangle \,.\end{aligned}}}">
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<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>⟩</mo>
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<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
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</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
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</mrow>
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<mtd>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left|\mathrm {p\,p} \right\rangle &=\left|1,+1\right\rangle &\left|\mathrm {d} \,\pi ^{+}\right\rangle &=\left|1,+1\right\rangle \\\left|\mathrm {p\,n} \right\rangle &={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(\left|1,0\right\rangle -\left|0,0\right\rangle \right)&\left|\mathrm {d} \,\pi ^{0}\right\rangle &=\left|1,0\right\rangle \,.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/859778949aac37d4651af026e6ec5d6082816a65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:46.989ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left|\mathrm {p\,p} \right\rangle &=\left|1,+1\right\rangle &\left|\mathrm {d} \,\pi ^{+}\right\rangle &=\left|1,+1\right\rangle \\\left|\mathrm {p\,n} \right\rangle &={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(\left|1,0\right\rangle -\left|0,0\right\rangle \right)&\left|\mathrm {d} \,\pi ^{0}\right\rangle &=\left|1,0\right\rangle \,.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aufgrund der Isospinerhaltung trägt im Fall von <span style="white-space:nowrap">p + n → d + π<sup>0</sup></span> nur der Anteil mit Isospin 1 bei; die Reaktionswahrscheinlichkeit ist daher nur halb so groß wie bei der pp-Reaktion.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Bogdan_Povh" title="Bogdan Povh">Bogdan Povh</a> et al.: <i>Teilchen und Kerne</i>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-36685-0</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Heisenberg: <cite style="font-style:italic">Über den Bau der Atomkerne</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>77</span>, 1932, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–11</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01342433">10.1007/BF01342433</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932ZPhy...77....1H">1932ZPhy...77....1H</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Isospin&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+den+Bau+der+Atomkerne&rft.au=W.+Heisenberg&rft.btitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.date=1932&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF01342433&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1-11&rft.volume=77" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-06-05" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Isospin&oldid=256702013">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
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